ISOUSB211 Development Board - USB 2.0 High-Speed (480 Mbps) Galvanic Isolator.
=============================================================================

### Version

0.00: Pre-release.

Warning: This is a pre-release version and has several known bugs, do not
send the current design files to manufacturers.

### Motivation

USB 2.0 is one of the most commonly used data interfaces. Often, implementing
galvanic isolation (electrical isolation) is desirable.

* First, galvanic isolation protects the computer from destruction by high
voltage transients and faults. It can be used by embedded system developers
and hardware hackers to protect their computers from unexpected faults during
development or experiments - the most infamous example is the USB Killer,
but more practical examples include a short circuit from +12 V to +5 V, or
a back-EMF from an electric motor or inductor, which may create a brief
transient of several hundreds volts.

* Next, galvanic isolation is useful to stop unwanted conductive
electromagnetic interference between the computer, the USB device, and their
power supplies. The most common example is a "ground loop" in audio and video
systems, but amateur radio operators with cheap, low-EMI-immunity USB software
defined radios can potentially find reliefs from noise as well.

* Finally, in hardware development, galvanic isolation allows engineers to
make a floating measurement without compromising safety. The signal ground
of an oscilloscope input is usually connected to AC mains ground for safety,
and the device-under-test (such as a USB gadget) is often also referenced to
ground. In this case, one cannot make a measurement between two arbitrary
points in the circuit - connecting the "ground" of the oscilloscope probe to
a voltage source is effectively a short circuit. To overcome this problem,
engineers often "cheat" by disconnecting the protective ground to "float the
scope", but it creates a safety hazard and makes the oscilloscope unsafe - a
fault within the oscilloscope can energize its entire chassis. The best
practice is to "float" the device-under-test instead of the scope itself,
which is accomplished by a USB isolator.

Unfortunately, although USB 2.0 isolators for Low Speed (1.5 Mbps) and Full
Speed (12 Mbps) are readily available, there was no ASIC for High-Speed (480
Mbps) isolation on the open market. Nevertheless, high-speed USB is required
in many applications, such as high-speed data converters, multi-channel audio
interfaces, software-defined radios, or logic analyzers.

Previously the available isolators were either expensive (FPGA-based
solutions), difficult to buy (ASIC isolators unavailable on the open market),
inconvenient to use (USB over CAT-5 or fiber optics, which requires a receiver
and a transmitter) and with many compatibility problems due to technical
limitations in the solution, or a combination of these problems.
My previous attempts:
[WCH CH317-based isolation](https://notabug.org/niconiconi/hisolator) and
[VIA Labs VL670/VL671 USB 3.0 to 2.0 transaction translator](https://notabug.org/niconiconi/vl670)
are examples of these limitations.

However, the situation has now changed. In November 2021, Texas Instruments has
released the first 480 Mbps High-Speed USB isolation ASIC to the open market -
ISOUSB211. Currently, the chip is in the pre-production preview stage, but the
engineering sample chip, XISOUSB211, is already available for purchase (*Update:
the chip get be out of stock from time to time, check TI's website frequently
for update. The last time I checked, it was back in stock again. If there is no
stock, an alternative option is purchasing the official TI development board
ISOUSB211DPEVM, from Mouser or Digikey*).

This project is a development board design for the ISOUSB211 ASIC, to facilitate
hardware evaluation and experiments by other community developers, hopefully to
help solving your USB problems in your systems.

### Board Specifications

* Dielectric Withstand Voltage: at least 1000 VDC (likely 3000 VDC, tests needed).
* Creepage & Clearance: 6.4 mm
* Insulation Type: Functional Insulation
* Maximum Operating Voltage: 42.4 VRMS, 60 VDC.
* Output Power: 5 V, 500 mA.

#### Warning

In industrial and medical applications, galvanic isolation is used to protect
equipment and human lives from hazards. It should be clear that this
development board, while it indeed has a dielectric withstand voltage of
more than 1000 volts, it's not designed, not tested, and should not be used for
safety-critical purposes. The operating voltage should stay within the Safety
Extra-Low Voltage limit (42.4 VRMS, or 60 VDC). The 1000+ V dielectric withstand
voltage represents a measure of immunity to transient voltages, not a voltage
for continuous operation.

### Photos

#### Front and Back of the PCB

![Front](https://notabug.org/niconiconi/isousb211/raw/main/images/front.jpg)

![Back](https://notabug.org/niconiconi/isousb211/raw/main/images/back.jpg)

#### Test Result

Benchmark result using a USB flash drive. The read speed is 45 MiB/s,
or 360 Mbps, this speed implies the isolator is working properly in
high-speed USB mode.

![USB flash drive read throughput](https://notabug.org/niconiconi/isousb211/raw/main/images/benchmark1.png)

### Schematics

* [PDF schematics](https://notabug.org/niconiconi/isousb211/raw/main/schematics/isousb211-schematics.pdf)

* [PDF layout](https://notabug.org/niconiconi/isousb211/raw/main/schematics/isousb211-layout.pdf)

### Theory of Operation

The single-board PCB is physically separated into the primary (host) side
and secondary (device) side with an isolation barrier in between. Both sides
have independent power and ground planes, and are separated by a
6.4-millimeter gap. Across the gap, there's a ISOUSB211 ASIC for isolated USB
signal transmission, an isolated DCDC converter module for power transmission,
and two Y-capacitors for EMI suppression.

#### Signal Transmission

On the primary side, the incoming USB 2.0 high-speed traffic from the USB-C
connector is received by ISOUSB211. Then the information is modulated to a
suitable form and transmitted to the secondary side of the ISOUSB211 via a
tiny 1 pF capacitance across the on-chip SiO2 insulator. The secondary side
regenerates this USB 2.0 high-speed traffic using the information from the
primary side, and finally, the regenerated electrical signal appears at the
USB-A connector at the secondary side.

This process is bidirectional, ISOUSB211 can transmit and receive information
at both sides, thus establishing bidirectional High-Speed USB communication.
And obviously, ISOUSB211 also contains internal state machines for implementing
whatever control logic is required for USB 2.0 protocol and the transmission
and regeneration of traffic.

The ISOUSB211 has a dielectric withstand voltage as high as 5700 VRMS,
Reinforced Insulation, and a impressive rated working voltage of 1500 VRMS,
2121 VDC. However, this is only a component-level rating, the real-world
rating by system-level safety standards can be much lower. For example,
according to IEC 60950 and IEC 60664, the 8 mm creepage distance at the
chip package already limits the working voltage for Reinforced Insulation
to no more than 800 VRMS, 1131 VDC (Material Group 1, Pollution Degree 2)
even assuming no additional limitations from the rest of the system.
Such limitations indeed exist for this development board - which only
has a Functional Insulation rating. See the following sections for more
information.

#### Power Transmission

On the host side, the incoming 5V power is demultiplexed by the TPS2111A power
mux chip. When "DC IN" is connected, TPS2111A switches the board to use
external DC power, otherwise, the board is powered from the USB port.

Immediately after the TPS2111A, the demultiplexed 5 V power is passed through
an LC filter to prevent too much differential-mode noise from entering or leaving
the USB port. Then, the filtered 5 V power is first sent to the ISOUSB211 ASIC,
which creates 3.3 V local power via its internal LDO. Simultaneously, the 5 V
power is also sent to a LMR10510 DC-DC converter to create the 1.8 V core voltage
supply for ISOUSB211 (ISOUSB211 does have an internal LDO for 1.8 V as well, but
LDO is too inefficient).

Finally, the 5 V power is also sent to an SIP isolated DC-DC converter module
to derive an isolated 5 V rail at the secondary side, which then derives 3.3 V
and 1.8 V just like how it's done at the primary side. When the 5 V power enters
and leaves the DC-DC converter, it's filtered by common-mode chokes to reduce
the common-mode noise across the isolation barrier.

The isolated converter module has a Functional Insulation rating, with a
dielectric withstand voltage of 3000 VDC for 60 seconds. Note that this
dielectric withstand voltage is a measure of immunity to transient voltages,
and should not be confused with the rating working voltage. Also, the
Functional Insulation means the converter has a low design margin and should
be assumed to have no safety guarantees, thus this board design should not
be used in safety-critical applications. The continuous operating voltage
should stay within the Safety Extra-Low Voltage limit (42.4 VRMS, or 60 VDC).

Better isolated DC-DC converter modules with Reinforced Insulation exist, but
those modules have limited suppliers and much more expensive. On the other
hand, DC-DC converters in a SIP package are a de-facto standard in the industry
with many options. Thus, as a tradeoff, a SIP converter is selected and the
development board is designed for Functional Insulation. In addition, even when
a DC-DC converter with Reinforced Insulation is used, the board is probably still
unable to meet the standard of Reinforced Insulation anyway - Reinforced
Insulation involves more than component selection - the whole board must be
assumed to contain dangerous voltages and be covered by an insulated enclosure, 
which obviously is unsuitable for a development board. Thus, this is another
reason for this compromise.

#### EMI Suppression

The primary and secondary side are bridged by two 470 pF, Class-Y capacitors
for EMI suppression. These capacitors have a working voltage of 1500 VDC and
a dielectric withstand voltage of at least 6000 VDC.

When two separated pieces of metal plates are driven by a potential difference,
a dipole antenna is created. Unfortunately, it's exactly what happens in an
isolated power supply or signal repeater, and this causes excessive common-mode
current and radiated electromagnetic interference.  In order to have acceptable
EMI/EMC performance, the two isolated power or ground planes must be joined
together at high frequency via capacitors to eliminate this potential
difference - even though this is undesirable from the perspective of isolation:
it reduces the dielectric withstand voltage to the rating of the capacitors,
and it also allows more transient energy to flow across the barrier via the
capacitance, thus, it represents another design tradeoff.

#### PCB

A four-layer PCB with controlled impedance is used to route high-speed
USB signal. The stackup is Signal, Ground, 1.8 V Power, and Signal. The
4th layer only has a few traces, thus it's filled by a ground pour and
joined to the 2nd layer by stitching vias. This provides a bit of
interplane capacitance for the 1.8 V core voltage.

This board is fabricated by JLCPCB's JLC7628 stack-up. The dielectric
constant of the board is 4.6, the distance between the signal and its
reference plane is 0.2 mm.

Ideally, the alternative JLC2313 stack-up offered by the same manufacturer
should provide superior performance because the shorter, 0.1 mm distance
between the signal and its reference plane - it reduces trace width,
crosstalk, EMI, and also increase interconnect density and interplane
capacitance. Nevertheless, boards manufactured using the JLC2313 process
has a longer lead time and slows down experiments. Be sure to adjust the
width of the USB 2.0 traces if JLC2313 is used.

### FAQ

Q: Your board sucks!

A: If you don't like my design, you can purchase an official development
board from Texas Instruments, which is currently being sold at a reasonable
price, to be honest. The part number is ISOUSB211DPEVM, available at
Mouser and Digikey, and it just costs $50, far below the regular inflated
price level for development board.

### License

Copyright (C) 2021, 2022 Tom Li (niconiconi)
"No Rights Reserved"

This is a free hardware design: to the extent possible under law, the designer
has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights, you can reuse,
modify, redistribute this design, as freely as possible in any form whatsoever
and for any purposes, including commercial purposes, under the terms of the
*CC0 1.0 Universal License*.

This hardware design is offered as-is and the designer makes no representations
or warranties of any kind concerning the design, express, implied, statutory or
otherwise, including without limitation warranties of title, merchantability,
fitness for a particular purpose, non infringement, or the absence of latent
or other defects, accuracy, or the present or absence of errors, whether or
not discoverable, all to the greatest extent permissible under applicable law.

See the *CC0 1.0 Universal License* for more details.

You should have received a copy of the *CC0 1.0 Universal License* along with
this hardware design. If not, see https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode
